Comparison Charts for CSE, IEEE, and AMA References

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January 27, 2021

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In-Text Citations

	CSE (Council of Science Editors) Name-Year	CSE Citation-Name and Citation-Sequence	IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)	AMA (American Medical Association)
What type of in-text citation to use?	Use parenthetical author-date citations. Separate multiple citations in a sentence with semicolons (see second example below).	Use superscript numbers inside punctuation. Numbers correspond to numbered reference list arranged alphabetically (citation-name) or arranged in order of appearance in the text (citation-sequence); Separate multiple citations in a sentence with commas. If referring to several sources listed sequentially in the reference list, list them as a range as shown in the second example below.	Use numbers in square brackets. Numbers correspond to a reference list arranged in order of appearance in the text. If referring to several sources listed sequentially in the reference list, list them as a range as shown in the second example below.	Use superscript note numbers outside punctuation. Numbers correspond to a reference list arranged in order of appearance in the text
Examples	One author: (Smith 2019)Two authors: (Jones and Chung 2010; Smith 2019)Three or more authors: (Mehti et al. 2015)	…according to research¹.…as shown in several studies^{1-3, 7}.	… according to research [1].… as shown in several studies[1], [3-5].	…according to research.¹…as shown in several studies.^{1, 3-7}
How to handle direct quotes? Are page numbers required?	Authors generally paraphrase rather than quoting, and CSE does not describe how to handle page numbers. Journals may offer guidance on how to include page numbers, as shown below.	CSE does not offer guidance on including page numbers.	Include the page number in the brackets as shown below.	Page numbers are not required but may be included as shown below.
Examples with page numbers	(Smith 2019, 101)(Smith 2019: 101)Smith (2019: 101) describes “[quote].”	n/a	[1, p. 101][1, pp. 100-101][1 para. 2][1]-[3], [7]	…according to research.^1(pp71-72)…as shown in several studies.^{1-3, 7(p101)}

Notes:

Although CSE recommends superscript note numbers inside punctuation, many journals have specific requirements that differ from this guidance, such as using bracketed numbers, superscripts outside punctuation, and parentheses.
Another good source on AMA can be found on the University of Washington’s website.
In CSE citation-sequence, IEEE, and AMA, reference numbers appear in sequence throughout unless the author is citing a source previously mentioned.
When authors are referred to in text, if there are three or more authors, include only the first author’s name followed by et al. Example: “According to Smith et al. …”

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End-of-Text References

For examples of reference listings beyond the types included below, see the individual websites linked to the column heads in the table.

	CSE Name-Year¹	CSE Citation-Name and Citation-Sequence¹	IEEE³	AMA⁴
Books	Allen C, Prior P, Hayward AC. 2005. Bacterial wilt: the disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. St. Paul (MN): APS Press 508 p.	1 Allen C, Prior P, Hayward AC. Bacterial wilt: the disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. St. Paul (MN): APS Press; 2005. 508 p	[1] B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986. Note: Include the country of publication if not the United States.	1. Shepard TH. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 7th ed. Johns Hopkins University Press; 1992.
Chapters from edited volumes	Allen, C. 2007. Bacteria, bioterrorism, and the geranium ladies of Guatemala. In: Cabezas AL, Reese E, Waller M, editors. Wages of empire: neoliberal policies, repression, and women’s poverty. Boulder (CO): Paradigm Press. p. 169-177.	2 Allen, C. Bacteria, bioterrorism, and the geranium ladies of Guatemala. In: Cabezas AL, Reese E, Waller M, editors. Wages of empire: neoliberal policies, repression, and women’s poverty. Boulder (CO): Paradigm Press; 2007. p. 169-177.	[2] L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed. New York: Wiley, 1994, pp. 55-70.	2. Degner LF, McWilliams ME. Challenges in conducting cross-national nursing research. In: Fitzpatrick JJ, Stevenson JS, Polis NS, eds. Nursing Research and its Utilization: International State of the Science. Springer; 1994:211-215
Journal articles²	Flores-Cruz Z, Allen C. 2011. Necessity of OxyR for the hydrogen peroxide stress response and full virulence in Ralstonia solanacearum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 77(18):6426-6432.	3 Flores-Cruz Z, Allen C. Necessity of OxyR for the hydrogen peroxide stress response and full virulence in Ralstonia solanacearum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(18):6426-6432.	[3] R. E. Kalman, “New results in linear filtering and prediction theory,” J. Basic Eng., ser. D, vol. 83, pp. 95-108, Mar. 1961.	3. Raux H, Coulon P, Lafay F, et al. Monoclonal antibodies which recognize the acidic configuration of the rabies glycoprotein at the surface of the virion can be neutralizing. Virology. 1995;210(2):400-408.
Internet sources	Williamson RC. 2004. Deciduous tree galls [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pddc/files/Fact_Sheets/FC_PDF/Deciduous_Tree_Galls.pdf	4 Williamson RC. Deciduous tree galls [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2004 Apr 25 [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pddc/files/Fact_Sheets/FC_PDF/Deciduous_Tree_Galls.pdf	[4] S. L. Talleen. (1996, Aug.). The IntraNet Architecture: Managing information in the new paradigm. Amdahl Corp, CA. [Online]. Available: http://www.amdahl.com/doc/products/bsg/intra/infra/html	4. King MW. Carbohydrate Nomenclature. The Medical Biochemistry Page. Updated April 2, 2020. Accessed June 3, 2020. http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org.

Notes:

¹All CSE name-year, citation-sequence, and citation-name examples in the table above are excerpted from the University of Wisconsin’s website)
²In CSE and IEEE, abbreviate journal names according to the International Standard for Organization’s List of Title Word Abbreviations.
³All IEEE examples in the table above are excerpted from the University of Southern California’s IEEE Editorial Style Manual.
⁴All AMA examples came from the University of Washington’s Health Sciences Library website.
Note that titles are not italicized in CSE reference listings. Scientific species names are italicized.
In CSE reference lists, include all authors up to 10. For 11 or more authors, list the first 10 followed by et al. (no need to include “and”).
In IEEE and AMA, list all authors up to six. If there are more than six authors, in IEEE add “et al.” after the first six, and in AMA add “et al.” after the first three.
Label the list of sources at the end Reference List in all styles.

Sarah P.

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